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In optical amplifiers, this impurity is more often than not an element called erbium. Its role will become clear in just a moment. The pump laser shown in the upper left corner of Figure 7-23 generates a light signal at a particular frequency oftentimes 980 nm in the opposite direction than the actual transmitted signal flows. As it turns out, erbium becomes atomically excited when it is struck by light at that wavelength. When an atom is excited by pumped energy, it jumps to a higher energy level (those of you who are recovering physicists will remember classroom discussions about orbital levels 1S1, 1S2, 2S1, 2S2, 2P6, etc.), then falls back down, during which time it gives off a photon at a certain wavelength. When erbium is excited by light at 980 nm, it emits photons within the 1,550 nm region coincidentally the wavelength at which multichannel optical systems operate. So, when the weak, transmitted signal reaches the coil of erbium-doped fiber, the erbium atoms, now excited by the energy from the pump laser, bleed power into the weak signal at precisely the right wavelength, causing a generalized amplification of the transmitted signal. The optical isolators serve to prevent errant light from backscattering into the system, creating noise. EDFAs are highly proletariat in nature: They amplify anything, including the noise that the signal may have picked up. There will, therefore, still be a need at some point along the path of long-haul systems for regeneration, although far less frequently than in traditional copper systems. Most manufacturers of optical systems publish recommended span engineering specifications that help service providers and network designers take such concerns into account as they design each transmission facility.

Let us compute the temperature in the case of a Schwarzschild black hole. In the Quiz you will get a chance to try your luck nding the temperature of a charged black hole. We follow a procedure outlined in a note published by P.R. Silva.2 We proceed as follows. We perform a Wick rotation t i and write the Schwarzschild metric as 2G M 2G M ds 2 = 1 4 d 2 + 1 4 dr 2 + r 2 d 2 r r Now set 2G4 M Rd = 1 r 2G4 M dR = 1 r

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.

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So, how can the tools that we have available help us create the right kind of application It turns out that if you want to focus on the user experience and not on the database and if you want to think about the user workflow and not tables and columns and joins, then Core Data will be your friend..

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Figure 7-23 The pump laser in the upper left corner injects light at the opposite direction of the transmitted optical signal. Bottom right, an actual EDFA.

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There are at least two other amplification techniques in addition to EDFAs that have recently come into favor. The first of these is called Raman amplification, which is similar to EDFA in the sense that it relies on Raman effects to do its task, but different for other rather substantial reasons. In Raman amplification, the signal beam travels down the fiber alongside a rather powerful pump beam, which excites atoms in the silica matrix that in turn emit photons that amplify the signal. The advantage of Raman amplification is that it requires no special doping: Erbium is not necessary. Instead, the silica itself gives off the necessary amplification. In this case, the fiber itself becomes the amplifier! Raman amplifiers require a significantly high-power pump beam (about a watt, although some systems have been able to reduce the required power to 750 mw or less) and even at high levels the power gain is relatively low. Their advantage, however, is that their induced gain is distributed across the entire optical span. Furthermore, it will operate within a relatively wide range of wavelengths, including 1,310 and 1,550 nm, currently the two most popular and effective transmission windows. Semiconductor lasers have also been deployed as optical amplification devices in some installations. In semiconductor optical amplifiers, the weakened optical signal is pumped into the ingress edge of a semiconductor optical amplifier. The active layer of the semiconductor substrate amplifies the signal and regenerates it on the other side. The primary downside to these devices is their size: They are small, and

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.

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It turns out that Core Data did not just leap, fully grown, out of someone s head in Cupertino Core Data is not even new with Mac OS X 104, where it first appeared within Apple Core Data has a long interesting history, and, really, you never know when you will need an extra acronym or two to put on your resume Core Data was first added to the iPhone SDK with version 30 Core Data appeared in Mac OS X in Tiger (Mac OS X 104), but it actually has a much longer history than that It was first developed at NeXT Computer as the DBKit framework in 1992, which then became the Enterprise Object Framework (EOF) in 1994 EOF was used to develop flexible applications on NeXT s operating systems, NeXTStep and OpenStep You could build these applications for NeXT systems, Windows NT, or Solaris.

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